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|Section2= |Section3= }} Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) is a water-based preservative agent originally used in the wood and paint industries, now also used in some cosmetics and personal care formulations. IPBC is a member of the carbamate family of biocides. Use is restricted in some countries due to its toxicity, especially acute inhalation toxicity. IPBC is also becoming recognized as a contact allergen. IPBC is an effective fungicide at very low concentrations in cosmetic and other products, and has shown very low sensitivity in humans tested with this preservative. IPBC was approved in 1996 for use up to 0.1% concentrations in topical products and cosmetics. However, this preservative is mostly found in cosmetics at about one-eighth that level (et al., 2009 ). IPBC Toxicity and Safety Tests show it to be generally safe: When used properly in leave-on skin products, IPBC is extremely safe (2002 ). Previous to being approved for cosmetic use in 1996, extensive safety and toxicity tests were conducted on IPBC and their results were gathered along with earlier studies in a report of the Safety Assessment of IPBC by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (Final Report, Lanigan 1998 ). This final report found IPBC to be a non-carcinogen with no genotoxicity and in reproductive and developmental toxicity studies using rats and mice, IPBC had no significant effect on fertility, reproductive performance, or on the incidence of fetal malformation (1998 ). IPBC Shows Very Low Sensitivity in Human Skin Tests: The Safety Assessment report (1998 ) also included 32 studies between 1990 - 1994 in 3,582 subjects using skin application of IPBC at relevant concentrations. All 32 studies showed no skin sensitivity/irritation compared to placebo controls. In addition, two skin sensitivity studies on 183 children ages 3 – 12 yrs also showed no adverse effects as well as no significant irritation from IPBC. Since the early safety report, there have been a few reports of human skin sensitivity to IPBC in individual patients – all of which showed complete recovery after discontinuance of use of any product containing the IPBC which was presumably an allergen for these patients (& Nixon, 2014; Pazzaglia & Tosti, 1999 ). Post-1996 tests of human sensitivity to IPBC have all shown quite low sensitivity, having overall reported human skin testing (patch test) on 53,774 subjects with only 491 of those subjects showing any reaction (0.8%) to IPBC. In every study, positive patch test reactions occurred in less than 1% of subjects tested in all but one study. This is a very low reaction rate, but it is not zero, and the industry reports this low rate of reaction even though in the largest study of 25,435 subjects over 69% of the reactions were either weak or doubtful (et al., 2013a ). These combined studies showing prevalence of reaction below 1% means that IPBC at this time does not have the reaction rates necessary to be included as an allergen in standard allergy series. But, it remains under close monitoring as it is a relatively new preservative for cosmetic products and will presumably increase in usage (2004 ). Most human patch tests performed before 2004 were with 0.1% IPBC solutions, i.e. 10 times the concentration used in many cosmetic products. Some used 0.5% IPBC. In 2004, it was suggested that a better concentration for tests of this substance would be 0.2% (et al., 2004 ) and this has contributed to the diagnosis of more sensitizations to this substance (& Johansen, 2013 ). One study showed significantly increased sensitivity between 2005 and 2010 using 0.5% IPBC in patch tests (et al., 2013b ). UPDATE: Per EWG.org — Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate does show "Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity" per the US EPA; that there is strong evidence of "Human toxicant or allergen" affects, by Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments; that it is "Suspected to be an environmental toxin" from Environment Canada Domestic Substance List, and that at least "50 studies in PubMed Science Library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical," NLM PubMed. 〔https:// http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/703111/IODOPROPYNYL_BUTYLCARBAMATE/〕 == See also == *Ingredients of cosmetics 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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